Women who smoke have a higher risk of fertility problems
than nonsmokers. This risk increases for those that smoke frequently and those
who smoke for a long period of time. Chemicals in cigarettes can cause a host
of fertility problems, including the following: - Ovulation problems - Genetic
abnormalities in your embryos - Damage to the cervix and fallopian tubes In
addition, smoking can make a difference in the number of healthy eggs you have.
As women age, the number of eggs available starts to decline. Smokers
experience this decline at an accelerated rate, at times leading to diminished
ovarian reserve. Diminished ovarian reserve is a serious issue, and can leave
you infertile or facing premature menopause. To make matters worse, cigarette
smoking increases your risk for many cancers, including cervical cancer.
Unfortunately, some cancers and cancer treatments can leave you infertility.
Saturday, February 11, 2012
Friday, February 10, 2012
Wednesday, February 8, 2012
Main risk factors of pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer is
caused by DNA mutations, and there are three ways that we can damage our DNA.
We can be born with a DNA mutation inherited from mom or dad, we can do
something, like smoke, that damages our DNA, or our DNA can be damaged by
chance. The second way to answer the question about what causes pancreatic
cancer is to ask what are the risk factors for pancreatic cancer? Some of the
risk factors include: 1. Cigarette smoking: Smoking doubles the risk of pancreatic
cancer. Smoking is also associated with early age at diagnosis, and, very
importantly, the risk of pancreatic cancer drops close to normal in people who
quit smoking. Simply put, cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of
pancreatic cancer. In fact, some scientists have estimated that one in four, or
one in five cases of pancreatic cancer are caused by smoking cigarettes. 2.
Age: The risk of developing pancreatic cancer increases with age. Over 80% of
the cases develop between the ages of 60 and 80. 3. Race: Studies in the United
States have shown that pancreatic cancer is more common in the African American
population than it is in the white population. Some of this increased risk may
be due to socioeconomic factors and to cigarette smoking. 4. Gender: Cancer of
the pancreas is more common in men than in women. Men are more likely to smoke
than women. 5. Religious background: Pancreatic cancer is proportionally more
common in Ashkenazi Jews than the rest of the population. This may be because
of a particular inherited mutation in the breast cancer gene (BRCA2) which runs
in some Ashkenazi Jewish families. 6. Chronic pancreatitis: Long-term
inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) has been linked to cancer of the
pancreas. 7. Diabetes: Diabetes is both a symptom of pancreatic cancer, and
long- standing adult-onset diabetes also increases the risk of pancreatic
cancer. 8. Obesity: Obesity significantly increases the risk of pancreatic
cancer. 9. Diet: Diets high in meats, cholesterol fried foods and nitrosamines
may increase risk, while diets high in fruits and vegetables reduce risk. Folic
acid may be protective. 10. Genetics: As mentioned earlier, a number of
inherited cancer syndromes increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. These include
inherited mutations in the BRCA2, FAMMM, PalB2 or Peutz-Jeghers genes. To learn
more about familial pancreatic cancer visit the web site of the National
Familial Pancreas Tumor Registry. Experts say one of the main reasons of
chronic pancreatitis is alcohol consumption which is common in the U.S. and
other western countries. Alcohol is prohibited in Islam. After more than 14
centuries so many scientific facts on the reasons of prohibiting haram foods
items such as alcohol is being revealed by the western and non-western
scientists. Recently it was announced that alcohol metabolism in one’s body can
damage DNA and thus causes cancer. (Source: pathology.jhu.edu)
Monday, February 6, 2012
MCQ ON HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY
(Head
and neck anatomy)
1. The pituitary gland:
a. is about 2 cm in transverse diameter
b. is not covered by meninges
c. is connected to the thalamus by the infundibulum
d. is separated from the floor of the pituitary fossa by
a
venous sinus
venous sinus
e. is supplied by a single inferior and several superior
hypophyseal arteries.
hypophyseal arteries.
a.f b.f c.f d.t e.t
2. In the subarachnoid spaces:
a. the basilar artery lies in the interpeduncular cistern
b. communication occurs with the fourth ventricle
c. the cistern magna is continuous with the spinal
subarachnoid space
subarachnoid space
d. the arachnoid granulation causes small pits at the base
of the skull.
of the skull.
e. the choroid plexus are found on the surface of the
brain
a.f b.t c.t d.t e.f
3. Regarding the cranial nerves:
a. the oculomotor nerve runs in the lateral wall of the
cavernous sinus
cavernous sinus
b. the maxillary nerve enters the orbit through the inferior
orbital fissure
orbital fissure
c. the facial nerve turns forwards at the genicular ganglion
d. the optic nerve is the only structure that passes through
the optic canal
the optic canal
e. the left recurrent laryngeal nerve arises from the
vagus
at the level of the subclavian artery.
at the level of the subclavian artery.
a.t b.t c.f d.f e.f
4. The following anatomy of the posterior cranial fossa are true:
a. the facial nerve nucleus lies in the medullar oblongata
b. the medulla oblongata lies in the floor of the
fourth
ventricle
ventricle
c. the third ventricle separates the cerebellum from
the
pons and the medulla oblongata
pons and the medulla oblongata
d. the cerebellar vermis lies below the straight sinus
e. the basilar artery is formed from the fusion of vertebral
arteries.
arteries.
a.t b.f c.t d.f e.f
5. The pineal gland:
a. lies between the inferior colliculus
b. is directly inferior to the splenium of the corpus
callosum
callosum
c. receives blood supply from the posterior choroidal
arteries
arteries
d. lies within 3 mm of the midline
e. calcification is a sign of malignancy
a.f b.f c.t d.t e.f
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